Brochures

Impact waterkwaliteit en irrigatiebeheer

In het kader van het European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) FA COST Action FA1105 project - BioGreenhouse

Auteur: Elise/vrijdag 22 april 2016/Categories: Nieuws, Publicaties, Brochure, Waterkwaliteit, Irrigatie

Het handboek 'Impact van waterkwaliteit en irrigatiebeheer in de biologische glastuinbouw' is een unieke bron van informatie voor kwekers, onderzoekers, studenten, docenten, consultants en leveranciers die betrokken zijn bij de biologische beschutte teelt. Deze publicatie kan helpen bij het ontwikkelen en implementeren van meer duurzame strategieën in verband met irrigatie in de biologische glastuinbouw.

Zeven experts uit verschillende regio's en achtergronden werkten samen aan dit onderwerp. Deze expert onderzochten in detail het waterbeheer toegepast in diverse beschermde teeltsystemen in Europa en Noord-Amerika aan de hand van:

de behoefte aan water
de watervoorraad
de vraag naar water van het gewas
de irrigatietechnologie
het irrigatiemanagement
de wisselwerking tussen gewasontwikkeling, -kwaliteit en irrigatie
de duurzaamheidsaspecten.

Preface 7
Executive summary 9
Abbreviations 11
1 Introduction 13
2 Water flows in organic greenhouse horticulture 15
- 2.1 Soil bound cultivation systems 15
  - 2.1.1 Evapotranspiration 15
  - 2.1.2 Condensation 15
  - 2.1.3 Irrigation 16
  - 2.1.4 Re-use of drainage water 16
  - 2.1.5 Seepage 16
  - 2.1.6 Precipitation 16
  - 2.1.7 Minor water flows 16
- 2.2 Demarcated beds 18
- 2.3 Pot-based culture systems 18
3 Water quality requirements 21
- 3.1 Inorganic chemical load 21
  - 3.1.1 pH 23
  - 3.1.2 Copper, zinc and manganese 23
  - 3.1.3 Iron 24
  - 3.1.4 Other elements 24
  - 3.1.5 Sodicity 24
  - 3.1.6 Salinity 24
- 3.2 Organic compounds 25
  - 3.2.1 Organic matter in water and modes of their assessment 25
  - 3.2.2 Irrigation water quality requirements with respect to organic matter load 26
- 3.3 Microbial loads 27
- 3.4 Hazardous microorganisms and compounds 27
4 Water resources 29
- 4.1 Rainwater 29
- 4.2 Municipal water 30
- 4.3 Ground water 31
- 4.4 Surface water 31
- 4.5 Condensed water 31
- 4.6 Desalinated water 31
- 4.7 Miscellaneous water sources 31
  - 4.7.1 Treated and untreated wastewater 31
  - 4.7.2 Digestate 32
  - 4.7.3 Potato starch processing wastewater (Potato protein liquid) 35
  - 4.7.4 Fish waste water 35
- 4.8 Water storage 35
5 Water demand 37
- 5.1 Evaporation and transpiration 38
- 5.2 Soil and soil microbiota 39
6 Salinity 41
- 6.1 Salinity and crop development 41
- 6.2 Salinity and soil ecology 42
7 Irrigation technology 43
- 7.1 Water distribution 43
  - 7.1.1 Drip irrigation 43
  - 7.1.2 Strip irrigation by mini sprinklers 44
  - 7.1.3 Sprinkler systems 44
  - 7.1.4 Sub-irrigation systems 44
- 7.2 Spatial heterogeneity 47
8 Water treatment 49
- 8.1 Water treatment 49
  - 8.1.1 Physical treatment 52
    - 8.1.1.1 Photocatalysis 52
    - 8.1.1.2 Thermal treatment 52
    - 8.1.1.3 UV treatment 52
  - 8.1.2 Chemical treatment 53
    - 8.1.2.1 Ozone treatment 54
    - 8.1.2.2 Hydrogen peroxide treatment 54
    - 8.1.2.3 Sodium hypochlorite treatment 54
    - 8.1.2.4 Chlorine dioxide 54
    - 8.1.2.5 Benzoic acid treatment 55
  - 8.1.3 Biological treatment 55
    - 8.1.3.1 Slow filters 55
    - 8.1.3.2 Artificial constructed wetlands 56
- 8.2 Cleaning of the water distribution system 59
  - 8.2.1 Steam treatment 59
  - 8.2.2 Chemical treatments 59
  - 8.2.3 Treatment for bicarbonate clogging 59
9 Irrigation management 61
- 9.1 Salinity management 61
- 9.2 Irrigation scheduling 63
  - 9.2.1 Soil bound cultivation systems 63
  - 9.2.2 Demarcated beds 66
  - 9.2.3 Pot-based cultivation system 67
- 9.3 Irrigation management control tools 68
  - 9.3.1 Models 68
  - 9.3.2 Soil moisture sensors 68
    - 9.3.2.1 Tensiometers 69
    - 9.3.2.2 Soil moisture sensors 70
  - 9.3.3 Lysimeters 70
  - 9.3.4 Decision support systems 71
  - 9.3.5 Other irrigation tools 71
10 Interaction between irrigation, crop development and product 73
- 10.1 Effects on plant growth and productivity 73
  - 10.1.1 Effects on plant growth 73
  - 10.1.2 Effects on yield 74
- 10.2 Effects on nutritive quality attributes 77
  - 10.2.1 Irrigation management 77
  - 10.2.2 Indirect factors and multiple stresses 78
11 Sustainability and water conservation 81
- 11.1 Strategies 81
  - 11.1.1 Appropriate crop species and controlled deficit irrigation 81
  - 11.1.2 Appropriate irrigation systems and tools 82
  - 11.1.3 Appropriate crop management 82
- 11.2 Challenges 83
- 11.3 Water used for greenhouse crops 83
12 Conclusions and knowledge gaps 85
- 12.1 Summary 85
- 12.2 Knowledge gaps 87
13 References 89